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Frames are used to divide a window into two or more scrollable sections. In each section different documents can be displayed or various parts of the same document can be linked together. Like any other HTML element each frame can be given a name, its dimensions can be set, its alignment can be defined, the borders and shades can be applied and finally a particular HTML file can be linked with it which is to be displayed. Apart from this some advanced operations such as defining the loading/unloading behavior, scroll behavior, style sheets etc. can be also performed on the frames.

HTML frames use the following attributes to behave in a particular manner and display the desired document:

• Name: It is used to link the frame to any addressable object. When a name is assigned to a frame then it can be targeted by the links in other documents. However it is not mandatory to use this attribute. By default all the windows are unnamed, but if you want to target the contents of the frame then the name attribute are necessary.

• Source: This attribute is used to display the desired HTML page in the frame.

• frameborder: This is used to set or unset the border between the frames. If the value of this attribute is 1 then a border will appear and if the value is 0 then there will be no border.

• marginwidth and marginheight: These two attributes are used to specify the frame margins both sideways and vertically respectively.

• noresize: It is used to restrict the end user from resizing the frame.

• scrolling: This one is used to define the scrolling mode of the frame. If its value is yes, then the frame will have a scroll bar. If the value is no, then the frame will have no scroll bar, and if its value is auto, then the frame will have the scroll bar only if the document size is larger than the frame.

Because of these attributes different types of frames can be created. For example:

• Static Frames: These types of frames are fixed and display only static documents. They are used to display that information which the user can see all the time, such as logos, copyrights, buttons, graphics etc. The user cannot affect the behavior of such frames by doing any activity.

• Live Frames: These frames responds according to the user’s input. They are very interactive in nature and generally contain interactive forms, videos, audio and multimedia content.

• Functional Table of Contents: These types of frames are used to display interactive table of contents on one side and when the user clicks on any topic the document linked to that link is displayed in the adjacent frame.

• Single Page Query and Answer Displays: These types of documents have two sections, one containing the query from which has to filled by the user and the other section displays the answers to the query interactively.

Apart from these, several other types of frames can be designed and customized using different attributes according to the requirements.

To begin with, there is no existence of a term called “Semantic HTML” in Hyper Text Markup Language. Basically, the term is in reference to the effort made to produce documents in HTML which are completely devoted to the writer’s intended meaning without any slight indication as to how the meaning is being conveyed. If one tries to draw a comparison between the emphasis element (<em>) and the italics element (<i>), it can be observed that the emphasis element is drawn in italics bringing in a lot of typical similarity into the presentation.

But what really makes the difference is the same element of presentation that was talked above. A classic example of this would be a book title which would be displayed in a different element than emphasized text, which would again be displayed in a different element so that both of them end up looking unique just like their meanings.

Semantic HTML basically requires two things while working on:

. Avoidance of the use of presentational markup, i.e. attributes, elements and other entities.
. Creation of a visible difference between the structure of the document and the meaning of the phrases by making use of the available markup.

This form of HTML also requires some minute specifications and compliance of software. The development of CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) has in many ways increased the demand of semantic HTML as the CSS caters to the needs of the designers by providing them with a rich language enabling them to alter the presentation of the documentation prepared on semantic HTML. The need for inclusion of presentational properties in a document has been virtually eliminated with the eventual development of CSS. Using semantic HTML not only leads to consistency in representation of phrases and statements having the same meaning but also gives the authors the freedom from the mentally draining concern of the details of presentation.

An example might make things easier. The number 2, when being written should be written in words as two or in numeric form as 2? In this case, the semantic markup might portray it as <number>2</number> and let the stylesheet designers do the honors when it comes to presentation details.
So if this is co-related to the authors, then all they need to do is indicate quotations and stop thinking about presentations.

Another additional advantage is the repurposing of documents that can be done and the allotment of device independence. The pairing of a semantic HTML document can be done with any number of sheets so that the output comes on the computer screens via web browsers, devices that can be handheld and also printers having a high resolution. Not many changes are required in an HTML document to accomplish this feat as the readily available stylesheets simplify this by pairing semantic HTML documents with appropriate stylesheets.

There are certain aspects of authoring documents which make the separation of semantics from presentation complicated. One can also find certain hybrid elements which make use of presentation in their very meaning. The separation of the actual meaning from their presentation becomes tough in case of these types of elements. But for many, the process of translation becomes extremely smooth.

HTML tags are the basic building blocks of a web document. All the elements which make up a HTML page itself are made of a starting tag and an ending tag. Without the tags no web site can be created. In fact all the HTML editors such as Microsoft FrontPage, Adobe Dreamweaver etc. use tags while generating automatic HTML codes for the websites. Tags are the heart and brain of an HTML document.

Tags have all the powers which design, control, maintain and edit a web page. A simple notepad file is transformed into a web page just because of the tags <HTML>…..</HTML>. Tags describe the nature of your document. It affects both the visual appearance as well as the background processing a web page. In order to increase the functionality, most of the tags also have their attributes. Attributes precisely defines the nature, behavior and the appearance of the text enclosed within a particular tag set. Different types of tags have different possible attributes. For eg: the tag <FONT>……</FONT> have some attributes like face, color, size etc, but the tag <B>…</B> does not has any attribute. Attributes are always used with their tags, not alone. However, the tags can be used without its attributes. In order to use the attributes you have to start a tag and within its starting section the attributes can be used.

Every attribute must be provided with a value. Without the values an attribute cannot determine what to do and to which extent. Like the attributes, their values are also used within the tags. They are separated from the attributes by a = sign.

For example:

<FONT Face=”Comic Sans MS” Color=”Red” Size=”10”> Content Mantra is the one best solution for all your writing and editing needs. </FONT>

In the above HTML code <FONT> and </FONT> are the main HTML tags. The Face, Color and Size are its attributes which have Comic Sans MS, Red and 10 as their values respectively. One important thing which is to be noted is that whatever content written inside the tags is only meant to format the HTML document and it is not displayed on the web page as the final output. Only the portion between the start tag end the end tag is viewed by the internet user.

HTML tags are of different types. Some tags are used to format the visual appearance of the content of the web document, some are used to define the behavior of the HTML elements and some are used to control the HTML scripts. The syntax to be followed while using different tags can be the same or different from each other. Some tags have an end portion prefixed by a / while some of the tags don’t require an end. Like the <FONT> tag do have an end i.e. </FONT> but the <BR> tag does not have any end.